bad interpreter: No such file or directory
在Windows环境下用Notepad++写了个shell脚本，上传到Linux平台后运行报错如下：
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| /bin/sh^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory
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经过查阅资料才知道，这是文件格式导致的问题：使用vi/vim进入该shell文件，按下:进入末行模式，输入set ff查询文件格式，结果如下：
不同的操作系统使用了不同的符号来换行，可以简单参考下下面的表格：
如果通过Windows下的Git将文件提交到Linux上的服务器，也会收到换行符将被替换的消息通知。而解决方法也很简单，切换文件格式即可，如下：
通过vi/vim进入想要修改的文件，按下:进入末行模式，输入set fileformat=unix，接着按下ZZ或者按下shift + z + z或者输入:x或者:wq保存修改即可。
判断网络是否连通
ssh命令
有个通用命令，Windows和Linux都能使用，如下：
-v表示调试模式，会打印出具体日志。-p表示端口号。如果网络连通则会打印出来连接已建立Connection established。如下：
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| C:\Users\10191>ssh localhost -v -p 1313
OpenSSH_for_Windows_8.1p1, LibreSSL 3.0.2
debug1: Connecting to localhost [::1] port 1313.
debug1: connect to address ::1 port 1313: Connection refused
debug1: Connecting to localhost [127.0.0.1] port 1313.
debug1: Connection established.
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_rsa type 0
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_dsa type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_ed25519-cert type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_xmss type -1
debug1: identity file C:\\Users\\10191/.ssh/id_xmss-cert type -1
debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_for_Windows_8.1
debug1: kex_exchange_identification: banner line 0: HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
debug1: kex_exchange_identification: banner line 1: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
debug1: kex_exchange_identification: banner line 2: Connection: close
debug1: kex_exchange_identification: banner line 3:
kex_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host
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nc命令
如果服务器里无法使用ssh命令，可以使用下面的命令：
-v表示可视化，-z扫描时不发送数据，-w后面跟的数字表示超时几秒。用法如下：
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| // 端口能通
C:\Users\10191>nc -vz -w 2 1.2.3.70 8888
1.2.3.70 (1.2.3.70:8888) open
// 端口不能通
C:\Users\10191>nc -vz -w 2 1.2.3.70 8889
nc: 1.2.3.70 (1.2.3.70:8889): Operation timed out
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查看端口是否启用
lsof命令
该命令用于列出系统已经打开的所有文件，在Linux中任何事物都以文件形式存在，通过文件可以访问常规数据、网络连接和硬件等。但该命令需要访问核心内存和各种文件，因此需要root用户执行。
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| lsof -i:port
// 查39007端口是否启用
lsof -i:39007
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netstat命令
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| netstat -aptn
// 查39007端口是否启用
netstat -aptn | grep 39007
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查看和修改Linux的时区
查看当前时区
修改设置Linux服务器时区
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| // Linux通用
tzselect
// 仅限于RedHat Linux 和 CentOS
timeconfig
// 适用于Debian
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
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复制相应的时区文件，替换系统时区文件；或者创建链接文件
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| cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/$主时区/$次时区 /etc/localtime
// demo：设置中国时区使用亚洲/上海(+8)
cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
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查看和修改Linux的时间
查看时间和日期
设置时间和日期
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| // 将系统日期设定成2009年11月3日的命令
date -s 11/03/2009
// 将系统时间设定成下午5点55分55秒的命令
date -s 17:55:55
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将当前时间和日期写入BIOS，避免重启后失效
附注
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| // 不加参数可以直接看到当前日期时间
date
// 不加参数可以直接看到本月月历
cal
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vi/vim打开文件提示Found a swap file by the name
swap文件来源
在使用vi或vim命令打开一个文件后，就会产生一个.(filename).swp的文件。如果编辑完成之后，正常退出，那么这个swp文件就会被自动删除。但是如果在操作该文件时发生了异常中断(非正常退出)，就会在当前目录下生成了一个对应的swp文件。
在Linux中，以.开头的文件都是隐藏文件，可以通过使用ll -a或者ls -a来查看。
而这种swp文件是隐藏文件，有两个作用：
- 避免用多个程序编辑同一个文件时，产生两个不同的版本。
- 非常规退出时，文件恢复。
删除swp文件
只要将swp文件删除，就不会再出现这个提示。可以通过rm命令来删除该文件。
禁止生成swp文件
如果想要禁止生成swp文件，可以通过修改vim的配置文件来实现。新建一个~/.vimrc文件，在文件中添加一行代码：
这样该配置就只会对当前用户生效，你也可以直接修改/etc/vimrc文件，效果是一样的。
通过swp文件来恢复文件
swp文件可以用来恢复文件，假如你有一个swp文件.my.ini.swp，可以通过以下命令来恢复：
恢复文件之后可以把swp文件删除，不然每次打开my.ini文件时都会提示。
Linux命令英文全称
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| su：Swith user 切换用户，切换到root用户
cat: Concatenate 串联
uname: Unix name 系统名称
df: Disk free 空余硬盘
du: Disk usage 硬盘使用率
chown: Change owner 改变所有者
chgrp: Change group 改变用户组
ps：Process Status 进程状态
tar：Tape archive 解压文件
chmod: Change mode 改变模式
umount: Unmount 卸载
ldd：List dynamic dependencies 列出动态相依
insmod：Install module 安装模块
rmmod：Remove module 删除模块
lsmod：List module 列表模块
alias :Create your own name for a command
bash :GNU Bourne-Again Shell linux内核
grep:global regular expression print
httpd :Start Apache
ipcalc :Calculate IP information for a host
ping :Send ICMP ECHO_Request to network hosts
reboot: Restart your computer
sudo:Superuser do
/bin = BINaries
/dev = DEVices
/etc = ETCetera
/lib = LIBrary
/proc = PROCesses
/sbin = Superuser BINaries
/tmp = TeMPorary
/usr = Unix Shared Resources
/var = VARiable ?
FIFO = First In, First Out
GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader
IFS = Internal Field Seperators
LILO = LInux LOader
PS = Prompt String
Perl = "Pratical Extraction and Report Language" = "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister"
Tcl = Tool Command Language
Tk = ToolKit
VT = Video Terminal
YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool
apt = Advanced Packaging Tool
ar = archiver
as = assembler
bash = Bourne Again SHell
bc = Basic (Better) Calculator
bg = BackGround
cal = CALendar
cat = CATenate
cd = Change Directory
chgrp = CHange GRouP
chmod = CHange MODe
chown = CHange OWNer
chsh = CHange SHell
cmp = compare
cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture
comm = common
cp = CoPy
cpio = CoPy In and Out
cpp = C Pre Processor
cups = Common Unix Printing System
cvs = Current Version System
dc = Desk Calculator
dd = Disk Dump
df = Disk Free
diff = DIFFerence
dmesg = diagnostic message
du = Disk Usage
ed = editor
egrep = Extended GREP
elf = Extensible Linking Format
elm = ELectronic Mail
emacs = Editor MACroS
eval = EVALuate
ex = EXtended
exec = EXECute
fd = file descriptors
fg = ForeGround
fgrep = Fixed GREP
fmt = format
fsck = File System ChecK
fstab = FileSystem TABle
fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager
gawk = GNU AWK
gpg = GNU Privacy Guard
groff = GNU troff
hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer
joe = Joe's Own Editor
ksh = Korn SHell
lame = Lame Ain't an MP3 Encoder
lex = LEXical analyser
lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses
ln = LiNk
lpr = Line PRint
ls = list
lsof = LiSt Open Files
m4 = Macro processor Version 4
man = MANual pages
mawk = Mike Brennan's AWK
mc = Midnight Commander
mkfs = MaKe FileSystem
mknod = MaKe NODe
motd = Message of The Day
mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa
mtab = Mount TABle
mv = MoVe
nano = Nano's ANOther editor
nawk = New AWK
nl = Number of Lines
nm = names
nohup = No HangUP
nroff = New ROFF
od = Octal Dump
passwd = PASSWorD
pg = pager
pico = PIne's message COmposition editor
pine = "Program for Internet News & Email" = "Pine is not Elm"
ping = Packet InterNet Grouper
pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability
popd = POP Directory
pr = pre
printf = PRINT Formatted
ps = Processes Status
pty = pseudo tty
pushd = PUSH Directory
pwd = Print Working Directory
rc = runcom = run command, shell
rev = REVerse
rm = ReMove
rn = Read News
roff = RunOFF
rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager
rsh, rlogin, = Remote
rxvt = ouR XVT
sed = Stream EDitor
seq = SEQuence
shar = SHell ARchive
slrn = S-Lang rn
ssh = Secure SHell
ssl = Secure Sockets Layer
stty = Set TTY
su = Substitute User
svn = SubVersioN
tar = Tape ARchive
tcsh = TENEX C shell
telnet = TEminaL over Network
termcap = terminal capability
terminfo = terminal information
tr = traslate
troff = Typesetter new ROFF
tsort = Topological SORT
tty = TeleTypewriter
twm = Tom's Window Manager
tz = TimeZone
udev = Userspace DEV
ulimit = User's LIMIT
umask = User's MASK
uniq = UNIQue
vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient
vim = Vi IMproved
wall = write all
wc = Word Count
wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator
xargs = eXtended ARGuments
xdm = X Display Manager
xlfd = X Logical Font Description
xmms = X Multimedia System
xrdb = X Resources DataBase
xwd = X Window Dump
yacc = yet another compiler compiler
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参考链接
警告
本文最后更新于 December 11, 2022，文中内容可能已过时，请谨慎使用。
